Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
Africa Continental Free Trade Area is meant to enhance interdependence, connectivity, and integration on a global level and leads to increased economic prosperity and opportunities in emerging economies. However, its benefits are not without faults. The shortcomings include human trafficking and drug trafficking. Based on desktop research, this paper examines the relationship between the opening of borders in Africa and human trafficking. Meanwhile, Africa is heading for a continental free trade area; the world’s most shameful crimes of trade in humans persist. The inhumane trade in human robs vulnerable and jobless Africans of their dignity while they strive to make ends meet. Opening of borders and the porousness of the frontiers complicates mechanism for combating crimes related to human trafficking. As well, lack of political will compounds the problem of regulating the crimes. This paper offers recommendations to combat the problems of human trafficking while maintaining the Africa Continental Free Trade Area.
References
Adesina, O.S. (2014). Modern-day slavery: Poverty and Child Trafficking in Nigeria' African Identities, 12(2), pp. 165-179. Retrieved from:
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14725843.2014.881278
Africa Development Bank (2019). Integrate Africa. Communication and External Relations Department. @2019. Rue Joseph Anoma 01 BP 1387 Abidjan 01 (Côte d’Ivoire)
Africa Development Bank (2016). Africa Visa Openness Report 2016. African Development Bank Group Regional Integration Policy and Strategy (RIPoS) 2014-2023. Visa Openness
Apap et al (2002). Counteracting Human Trafficking: Protecting the victims of trafficking;
International Studies Review 3 (3): 31-52.
Bales, K. (1999). Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy. Berkeley: University of California Press
Bweembelo, H. (2016). Causes Of Human Trafficking In Zambia: A Case Study at Kenneth Kaunda International Airport. Lusaka
Carling, J. (2006). Migration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking from Nigeria to Europe, Geneva, and international organization formigration
:http://www.diversite.be/diversiteit/files/File/MH _TEH/documentatie/mrs23[1].pdf
Compana, P. (2020). Human smuggling: structure and mechanisms. university of Chicago press Journals. Volume 49.
Campana, P. and Varese, F. (2015). Exploitation in Human Trafficking and Smuggling. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research.
Salihu, S. and Ajio, D.K (2009). Child Exploitation in the 21st Century. Jos University press, Joss
Doddridge, M. (200). Review of research. Data on human trafficking in sub-Saharan Africa 97 Trafficking in children in West and Central Africa. Gender and Development,10.
Dutch National Rapporteur (2010). The Eighth Report of the Dutch National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings. Den Haag.
Department of Justice [DOJ] (2016). Attorney General’s Annual Report to Congress and Assessment of U.S. Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons. The fiscal Year 2016.
German Federal Criminal Police Office (2008). Situation Report Trafficking in Human Beings in 2008. Berlin
Gracar, A. (2002). Trafficking in Human Beings. Routledge
Hepburn, S.; Simon, RJ (2012). "Hidden in plain sight "Human Trafficking in the United States. Gend. Issue 2012, 27, 1-26
Hoque, N. S. (2010). Female Child Trafficking from Bangladesh: A New Form of Slavery, Canadian Social Science, 6(1), 45-58
Jones, L., Engstrom, D. W., Hilliard, T., & Diaz, M. (2007). Globalization and Human Trafficking. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 34, 107
ICE (2019). Human Trafficking. Homeland Security Investigations. The USA.
ICE (2017). Human Trafficking. Home Land Security Investigations. The USA.
ILO, (2018). Ending forced labour by 2030: A review of policies and programmes. ISBN: 978922132745. Geneva.
ILO (2003a). Trafficking in Human Beings: New Approaches to Combating the Problem. Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour, ILO, and Geneva
Internation Organization Migration [IOM] (2011). Guidelines for Assisting Victims of Human Trafficking in the East Africa Region
Lori A. Nessel, (2001). Undocumented Immigrants in the Workplace: The Fallacy of Labor Protection and the Need For Reform, 36HARV.C.R.-C.L.L.REV.345, 357.
Luda di Cortemiglia, V., (2003). Desk Review -Programme of action against trafficking in minors, and young women from Nigeria into Italy for the purpose of sexual exploitation, UNICRI.
Makinde, O.A. (2015). Infant Trafficking and Baby Factories: A new tale of child trafficking in Nigeria' Child Abuse Review, 24(5), pp.242 Retrieved at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/car.2420/abstract;jsessionid=FE76C4562F9A CA58526D71 C5366B454E.f04t02.
Maybee, P., Foster, M. and Whitehead, L. (2016). The parents’, hospitalized child’s, and health care providers’ perceptions and experiences of family-centered care within a pediatric critical care setting: A synthesis of quantitative research. Journal of Family Nursing, 22, 1, 6-73
Martin, Philip, and Mark Miller (2000) Smuggling and Trafficking: A Conference Report. International Migration Review 34 (3): 969-975
Mensah-Ankrah, Chris and Osei Sarpong, Rex, (2017). The Modern Trend of Human Trafficking. in Africa and the Role of the African Union (AU). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3105245 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3105245
Moore, H. (1994). .Is there a crisis in the family? Occasional Paper No.3, World Summit forSocial Development, UNRISD, Geneva.
Okojie E.E.C., (2003). Measures to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings in Benin, Nigeria, and Togo. Final Report – Nigeria. University of Benin, Benin City
Patrick A. Taran & Gloria Moreno-Fontes Chammartin, (2003). International Labour Office, Getting at the Roots: Stopping the Exploitation of Migrant Workers by Organized Crime. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/migrant/download/pom/pom1e.pdf.
Salihu, S. and Ajio, D.K (2009). Child Exploitation in the 21st Century. Jos University press, Joss
Salt, J. (2002). Trafficking and smuggling: A European perspective. journal internation migration, volume 38, issue 3
Skeldon, R. (2000). Trafficking: A Perspective from Asia. Sussex, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Signe L. (2018). Africa’s Consumer Market Potential: Trends, Drivers, Opportunities and Strategies. Africa Growth Intiative at Brookings. www.brookings.edu/global.
Strom K., (2017). Research on the Impact of Technology on Policing Strategy in the 21st Century, Final Report. 251140
Taran & Chammartin, Supra Note 22, (2004). TRAFFICKING IN person REPORT. U.S.DEP’T ST http://www.state.gov/documents/organizational34158.pdf (listing additional pressures for migration) [hereinafter TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS].
UN (2007). Meetings Coverage and Press Releases: Millions of people around the world still deprived of freedom. Deputy –Secretary-General tells Conference on trafficking in women and girls.
UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre (2005). Trafficking in Human Beings, Especially Women and Children in Africa. Second edition. SBN: 88-85401-89-9
United States Department of State (2004). Trafficking in Persons Report 2004
United Nations (2008). An Introduction to Human Trafficking: Vulnerability, Impact, and Action. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Vienna. Background Paper.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2009). Strategies Against HumanTrafficking: The Role of the Security Sector. Viennaand Geneva, September2009.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC] (2006). Measures to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings. Benin, Nigeria, and Togo.
Weitzer, R. ( 2014). New Directions in research on Human trafficking, SAGE
Zimmerman C. (2006). Stolen smiles: A Summary Report on The Physical and Psychological Health Consequences of Women and Adolescents Trafficked in Europe. London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2006
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 Brivery Siamabele, Mumba H Moonga, Matildah Kaliba, Mubita Aurick, Valentine Kalonje, Rudo Phiri Mumba (Author)